C++ switch..case Statement

C++ Tutorial

C++ Introduction

• C++ Variables and Literals
• C++ Data Types
• C++ Basic I/O
• C++ Type Conversion
• C++ Operators
• C++ Comments

C++ Flow Control

• C++ if…else
• C++ for Loop
• C++ do…while Loop
• C++ break & continue
• C++ switch Statement
• C++ goto Statement

C++ Functions

• C++ Functions
• C++ Function Types
• C++ Function Overloading
• C++ Default Argument
• C++ Storage Class
• C++ Recursion

C++ Arrays & String

• C++ Arrays
• Multidimensional Arrays
• C++ Function and Array
• C++ String

C++ Structures

• C++ Structure
• Structure and Function
• C++ Pointers to Structure
• C++ Enumeration

C++ Object & Class

• C++ Objects and Class
• C++ Constructors
• C++ Objects & Function
• C++ Operator Overloading

C++ Pointers

• C++ Pointer
• C++ Pointers and Arrays
• C++ Pointers and Functions

C++ Inheritance

• C++ Inheritance
• Inheritance Access Control
• C++ Function Overriding
• Multiple & Multilevel Inheritance
• C++ Friend Function
• C++ Virtual Function

In this tutorial, we will learn about switch statement and its working in C++ programming with the help of some examples.

The switch statement allows us to execute a block of code among many alternatives.

The syntax of the switch statement in C++ is:

switch (expression)  {
    case constant1:
        // code to be executed if 
        // expression is equal to constant1;
        break;

    case constant2:
        // code to be executed if
        // expression is equal to constant2;
        break;
        .
        .
        .
    default:
        // code to be executed if
        // expression doesn't match any constant
}

How does the switch statement work?

The expression is evaluated once and compared with the values of each case label.

• If there is a match, the corresponding code after the matching label is executed. For example, if the value of the variable is equal to constant2, the code after case constant2: is executed until the break statement is encountered.
• If there is no match, the code after default: is executed.

Note: We can do the same thing with the if...else..if ladder. However, the syntax of the switch statement is cleaner and much easier to read and write.

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Flowchart of switch Statement

Flowchart of C++ switch…case statement

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Example: Create a Calculator using the switch Statement

// Program to build a simple calculator using switch Statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    char oper;
    float num1, num2;
    cout << "Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ";
    cin >> oper;
    cout << "Enter two numbers: " << endl;
    cin >> num1 >> num2;

    switch (oper) {
        case '+':
            cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2;
            break;
        case '-':
            cout << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2;
            break;
        case '*':
            cout << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2;
            break;
        case '/':
            cout << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2;
            break;
        default:
            // operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)
            cout << "Error! The operator is not correct";
            break;
    }

    return 0;
}

Run Code

Output 1

Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): +
Enter two numbers: 
2.3
4.5
2.3 + 4.5 = 6.8

Output 2

Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): -
Enter two numbers: 
2.3
4.5
2.3 - 4.5 = -2.2

Output 3

Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): *
Enter two numbers: 
2.3
4.5
2.3 * 4.5 = 10.35

Output 4

Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): /
Enter two numbers: 
2.3
4.5
2.3 / 4.5 = 0.511111

Output 5

Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ?
Enter two numbers: 
2.3
4.5
Error! The operator is not correct.

In the above program, we are using the switch...case statement to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

How This Program Works

Notice that the break statement is used inside each case block. This terminates the switch statement.

If the break statement is not used, all cases after the correct case are executed.

1. We first prompt the user to enter the desired operator. This input is then stored in the char variable named oper.
2. We then prompt the user to enter two numbers, which are stored in the float variables num1 and num2.
3. The switch statement is then used to check the operator entered by the user:
   • If the user enters +, addition is performed on the numbers.
   • If the user enters -, subtraction is performed on the numbers.
   • If the user enters *, multiplication is performed on the numbers.
   • If the user enters /, division is performed on the numbers.
   • If the user enters any other character, the default code is printed.

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C++ comments line

C++ Tutorial

C++ Introduction

• C++ Variables and Literals
• C++ Data Types
• C++ Basic I/O
• C++ Type Conversion
• C++ Operators
• C++ Comments

C++ Flow Control

• C++ if…else
• C++ for Loop
• C++ do…while Loop
• C++ break & continue
• C++ switch Statement
• C++ goto Statement

C++ Functions

• C++ Functions
• C++ Function Types
• C++ Function Overloading
• C++ Default Argument
• C++ Storage Class
• C++ Recursion

C++ Arrays & String

• C++ Arrays
• Multidimensional Arrays
• C++ Function and Array
• C++ String

C++ Structures

• C++ Structure
• Structure and Function
• C++ Pointers to Structure
• C++ Enumeration

C++ Object & Class

• C++ Objects and Class
• C++ Constructors
• C++ Objects & Function
• C++ Operator Overloading

C++ Pointers

• C++ Pointer
• C++ Pointers and Arrays
• C++ Pointers and Functions

C++ Inheritance

• C++ Inheritance
• Inheritance Access Control
• C++ Function Overriding
• Multiple & Multilevel Inheritance
• C++ Friend Function
• C++ Virtual Function

In this tutorial, we will learn about C++ comments, why we use them, and how to use them with the help of examples.

C++ comments are hints that a programmer can add to make their code easier to read and understand. They are completely ignored by C++ compilers.

There are two ways to add comments to code:

// – Single Line Comments

/* */ -Multi-line Comments

---

Single Line Comments

In C++, any line that starts with // is a comment. For example,

// declaring a variable
int a;

// initializing the variable 'a' with the value 2
a = 2;

Here, we have used two single-line comments:

• // declaring a variable
• // initializing the variable 'a' with the value 2

We can also use single line comment like this:

int a;    // declaring a variable

---

Multi-line comments

In C++, any line between /* and */ is also a comment. For example,

/* declaring a variable
to store salary to employees
*/
int salary = 2000;

This syntax can be used to write both single-line and multi-line comments.

---

Using Comments for Debugging

Comments can also be used to disable code to prevent it from being executed. For example,

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
   cout << "some code";
   cout << ''error code;
   cout << "some other code";

   return 0;
}

If we get an error while running the program, instead of removing the error-prone code, we can use comments to disable it from being executed; this can be a valuable debugging tool.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
   cout << "some code";
   // cout << ''error code;
   cout << "some other code";

   return 0;
}

Pro Tip: Remember the shortcut for using comments; it can be really helpful. For most code editors, it’s Ctrl + / for Windows and Cmd + / for Mac.

---

Why use Comments?

If we write comments on our code, it will be easier for us to understand the code in the future. Also, it will be easier for your fellow developers to understand the code.

Note: Comments shouldn’t be the substitute for a way to explain poorly written code in English. We should always write well-structured and self-explanatory code. And, then use comments.

As a general rule of thumb, use comments to explain Why you did something rather than How you did something, and you are good.

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C++ Type Conversion

C++ Tutorial

C++ Introduction

• C++ Variables and Literals
• C++ Data Types
• C++ Basic I/O
• C++ Type Conversion
• C++ Operators
• C++ Comments

C++ Flow Control

• C++ if…else
• C++ for Loop
• C++ do…while Loop
• C++ break & continue
• C++ switch Statement
• C++ goto Statement

C++ Functions

• C++ Functions
• C++ Function Types
• C++ Function Overloading
• C++ Default Argument
• C++ Storage Class
• C++ Recursion

C++ Arrays & String

• C++ Arrays
• Multidimensional Arrays
• C++ Function and Array
• C++ String

C++ Structures

• C++ Structure
• Structure and Function
• C++ Pointers to Structure
• C++ Enumeration

C++ Object & Class

• C++ Objects and Class
• C++ Constructors
• C++ Objects & Function
• C++ Operator Overloading

C++ Pointers

• C++ Pointer
• C++ Pointers and Arrays
• C++ Pointers and Functions

C++ Inheritance

• C++ Inheritance
• Inheritance Access Control
• C++ Function Overriding
• Multiple & Multilevel Inheritance
• C++ Friend Function
• C++ Virtual Function

In this tutorial, we will learn about the basics of C++ type conversion with the help of examples.

C++ allows us to convert data of one type to that of another. This is known as type conversion.

There are two types of type conversion in C++.

1. Implicit Conversion
2. Explicit Conversion (also known as Type Casting)

---

Implicit Type Conversion

The type conversion that is done automatically done by the compiler is known as implicit type conversion. This type of conversion is also known as automatic conversion.

Let us look at two examples of implicit type conversion.

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Example 1: Conversion From int to double

// Working of implicit type-conversion

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
   // assigning an int value to num_int
   int num_int = 9;

   // declaring a double type variable
   double num_double;
 
   // implicit conversion
   // assigning int value to a double variable
   num_double = num_int;

   cout << "num_int = " << num_int << endl;
   cout << "num_double = " << num_double << endl;

   return 0;
}

Run Code

Output

num_int = 9
num_double = 9

In the program, we have assigned an int data to a double variable.

num_double = num_int;

Here, the int value is automatically converted to double by the compiler before it is assigned to the num_double variable. This is an example of implicit type conversion.

---

Example 2: Automatic Conversion from double to int

//Working of Implicit type-conversion

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

   int num_int;
   double num_double = 9.99;

   // implicit conversion
   // assigning a double value to an int variable
   num_int = num_double;

   cout << "num_int = " << num_int << endl;
   cout << "num_double = " << num_double << endl;

   return 0;
}

Run Code

Output

num_int = 9
num_double = 9.99

In the program, we have assigned a double data to an int variable.

num_double = num_int;

Here, the double value is automatically converted to int by the compiler before it is assigned to the num_int variable. This is also an example of implicit type conversion.

Note: Since int cannot have a decimal part, the digits after the decimal point is truncated in the above example.

---

Data Loss During Conversion (Narrowing Conversion)

As we have seen from the above example, conversion from one data type to another is prone to data loss. This happens when data of a larger type is converted to data of a smaller type.

Possible Data Loss During Type Conversion

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C++ Explicit Conversion

When the user manually changes data from one type to another, this is known as explicit conversion. This type of conversion is also known as type casting.

There are three major ways in which we can use explicit conversion in C++. They are:

1. C-style type casting (also known as cast notation)
2. Function notation (also known as old C++ style type casting)
3. Type conversion operators

---

C-style Type Casting

As the name suggests, this type of casting is favored by the C programming language. It is also known as cast notation.

The syntax for this style is:

(data_type)expression;

For example,

// initializing int variable
int num_int = 26;

// declaring double variable
double num_double;

// converting from int to double
num_double = (double)num_int;

---

Function-style Casting

We can also use the function like notation to cast data from one type to another.

The syntax for this style is:

data_type(expression);

For example,

// initializing int variable
int num_int = 26;

// declaring double variable
double num_double;

// converting from int to double
num_double = double(num_int);

---

Example 3: Type Casting

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    // initializing a double variable
    double num_double = 3.56;
    cout << "num_double = " << num_double << endl;

    // C-style conversion from double to int
    int num_int1 = (int)num_double;
    cout << "num_int1   = " << num_int1 << endl;

    // function-style conversion from double to int
    int num_int2 = int(num_double);
    cout << "num_int2   = " << num_int2 << endl;

    return 0;
}

Run Code

Output

num_double = 3.56
num_int1   = 3
num_int2   = 3

We used both the C style type conversion and the function-style casting for type conversion and displayed the results. Since they perform the same task, both give us the same output.

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Type Conversion Operators

Besides these two type castings, C++ also has four operators for type conversion. They are known as type conversion operators. They are:

• static_cast
• dynamic_cast
• const_cast
• reinterpret_cast

We will learn about these casts in later tutorials.

---

Recommended Tutorials:

• C++ string to int and Vice-versa
• C++ string to float, double and Vice-versa

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C++ Variables ,Constants and literals

C++ Tutorial

C++ Introduction

• C++ Variables and Literals
• C++ Data Types
• C++ Basic I/O
• C++ Type Conversion
• C++ Operators
• C++ Comments

C++ Flow Control

• C++ if…else
• C++ for Loop
• C++ do…while Loop
• C++ break & continue
• C++ switch Statement
• C++ goto Statement

C++ Functions

• C++ Functions
• C++ Function Types
• C++ Function Overloading
• C++ Default Argument
• C++ Storage Class
• C++ Recursion

C++ Arrays & String

• C++ Arrays
• Multidimensional Arrays
• C++ Function and Array
• C++ String

C++ Structures

• C++ Structure
• Structure and Function
• C++ Pointers to Structure
• C++ Enumeration

C++ Object & Class

• C++ Objects and Class
• C++ Constructors
• C++ Objects & Function
• C++ Operator Overloading

C++ Pointers

• C++ Pointer
• C++ Pointers and Arrays
• C++ Pointers and Functions

C++ Inheritance

• C++ Inheritance
• Inheritance Access Control
• C++ Function Overriding
• Multiple & Multilevel Inheritance
• C++ Friend Function
• C++ Virtual Function

In this tutorial, we will learn about variables, literals, and constants in C++ with the help of examples.

C++ Variables

In programming, a variable is a container (storage area) to hold data.

To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name (identifier). For example,

int age = 14;

Here, age is a variable of the int data type, and we have assigned an integer value 14 to it.

Note: The int data type suggests that the variable can only hold integers. Similarly, we can use the double data type if we have to store decimals and exponentials.

We will learn about all the data types in detail in the next tutorial.

The value of a variable can be changed, hence the name variable.

int age = 14;   // age is 14
age = 17;       // age is 17

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Rules for naming a variable

• A variable name can only have alphabets, numbers and the underscore _.
• A variable name cannot begin with a number.
• Variable names cannot begin with an uppercase character.
• A variable name cannot be a keyword. For example, int is a keyword that is used to denote integers.
• A variable name can start with an underscore. However, it’s not considered a good practice.

Note: We should try to give meaningful names to variables. For example, first_name is a better variable name than fn.

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C++ Literals

Literals are data used for representing fixed values. They can be used directly in the code. For example: 1, 2.5, 'c' etc.

Here, 1, 2.5 and 'c' are literals. Why? You cannot assign different values to these terms.

Here’s a list of different literals in C++ programming.

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1. Integers

An integer is a numeric literal(associated with numbers) without any fractional or exponential part. There are three types of integer literals in C programming:

• decimal (base 10)
• octal (base 8)
• hexadecimal (base 16)

For example:

Decimal: 0, -9, 22 etc
Octal: 021, 077, 033 etc
Hexadecimal: 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x521 etc

In C++ programming, octal starts with a 0, and hexadecimal starts with a 0x.

---

2. Floating-point Literals

A floating-point literal is a numeric literal that has either a fractional form or an exponent form. For example:

-2.0

0.0000234

-0.22E-5

Note: E-5 = 10-5

---

3. Characters

A character literal is created by enclosing a single character inside single quotation marks. For example: 'a', 'm', 'F', '2', '}' etc.

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4. Escape Sequences

Sometimes, it is necessary to use characters that cannot be typed or has special meaning in C++ programming. For example, newline (enter), tab, question mark, etc.

In order to use these characters, escape sequences are used.

Escape Sequences	Characters
\b	Backspace
\f	Form feed
\n	Newline
\r	Return
\t	Horizontal tab
\v	Vertical tab
\\	Backslash
\'	Single quotation mark
\"	Double quotation mark
\?	Question mark
\0	Null Character

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5. String Literals

A string literal is a sequence of characters enclosed in double-quote marks. For example:

"good"	string constant
""	null string constant
" "	string constant of six white space
"x"	string constant having a single character
"Earth is round\n"	prints string with a newline

We will learn about strings in detail in the C++ string tutorial.

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C++ Constants

In C++, we can create variables whose value cannot be changed. For that, we use the const keyword. Here’s an example:

const int LIGHT_SPEED = 299792458;
LIGHT_SPEED = 2500 // Error! LIGHT_SPEED is a constant.

Here, we have used the keyword const to declare a constant named LIGHT_SPEED. If we try to change the value of LIGHT_SPEED, we will get an error.

A constant can also be created using the #define preprocessor directive. We will learn about it in detail in the C++ Macros tutorial.

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C Keywords and identifiers

C-Tutorial

C Introduction

C Keywords and identifiers

C Variables,constant and literals

C Datatype

C Input &Output (I/O)

C Operators

C if and if else Statements

C for loop

C while and do while loop

C break and continue

C switch statement

C goto statement

C functions

C user-defined functions

C Types of user-defined functions

C Recursion

C Storage class

C Arrays

C Pointers

C Pointers and Array

C Pointers and Function

C Memory allocation

C String

C String Functions

C Structure

C Structure and Pointers

C Structure and Function

C Union

C File input/output(I/O)

C Enumuration

C Preprocessor and Macros

C Standard library function

In this tutorial, you will learn about keywords; reserved words in C programming that are part of the syntax. Also, you will learn about identifiers and how to name them.

Character set

A character set is a set of alphabets, letters and some special characters that are valid in C language.

Alphabets

Uppercase: A B C ................................... X Y Z
Lowercase: a b c ...................................... x y z

C accepts both lowercase and uppercase alphabets as variables and functions.

Digits

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Special Characters

,	<	>	.	_
(	)	;	$	:
%	[	]	#	?
‘	&	{	}	“
^	!	*	/	|
–	\	~	+

White space Characters

Blank space, newline, horizontal tab, carriage, return and form feed.

---

C Keywords

Keywords are predefined, reserved words used in programming that have special meanings to the compiler. Keywords are part of the syntax and they cannot be used as an identifier. For example:

int money;

Here, int is a keyword that indicates money is a variable of type int (integer).

As C is a case sensitive language, all keywords must be written in lowercase. Here is a list of all keywords allowed in ANSI C.

auto	double	int	struct
break	else	long	switch
case	enum	register	typedef
char	extern	return	union
continue	for	signed	void
do	if	static	while
default	goto	sizeof	volatile
const	float	short	unsigned

All these keywords, their syntax, and application will be discussed in their respective topics. However, if you want a brief overview of these keywords without going further, visit List of all keywords in C programming.

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C Identifiers

Identifier refers to name given to entities such as variables, functions, structures etc.

Identifiers must be unique. They are created to give a unique name to an entity to identify it during the execution of the program. For example:

int money;
double accountBalance;

Here, money and accountBalance are identifiers.

Also remember, identifier names must be different from keywords. You cannot use int as an identifier because int is a keyword.

---

Rules for naming identifiers

1. A valid identifier can have letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscores.
2. The first letter of an identifier should be either a letter or an underscore.
3. You cannot use keywords as identifiers.
4. There is no rule on how long an identifier can be. However, you may run into problems in some compilers if the identifier is longer than 31 characters.

You can choose any name as an identifier if you follow the above rule, however, give meaningful names to identifiers that make sense. 

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List of programming languages.

Computer programming languages are used to to communicate instructions to a computer. They are based on certain syntactic and semantic rules, which define the meaning of each of the programming language constructs.Today I’ve got a list of every programming language I could find. I divided them into the following categories:

• Interpreted Programming Languages
• Functional Programming Languages
• Compiled Programming Languages
• Procedural Programming Languages
• Scripting Programming Languages
• Markup Programming Languages
• Logic-Based Programming Languages
• Concurrent Programming Languages
• Object-Oriented Programming Languages

A A.NET A-0 System A+ ABAP ABC ABC ALGOL ACC Accent Ace DASL Action! ActionScript Actor Ada Adenine Agda Agilent VEE Agora AIMMS Aldor Alef ALF ALGOL 58 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68 ALGOL W Alice Alma-0 AmbientTalk Amiga E AMOS AMPL AngelScript Apex APL AppleScript APT Arc ARexx Argus Assembly language AutoHotkey AutoIt AutoLISP / Visual LISP Averest AWK Axum B B Babbage Ballerina Bash BASIC Batch file (Windows/MS-DOS) bc BCPL BeanShell Bertrand BETA BLISS Blockly BlooP Boo Boomerang Bosque Bourne shell (including bash and ksh) K K Kaleidoscope Karel KEE Kixtart Klerer-May System KIF Kojo Kotlin KRC KRL KRL (KUKA Robot Language) KRYPTON Korn shell (ksh) Kodu Kv L LabVIEW Ladder LANSA Lasso Lava LC-3 Legoscript LIL LilyPond Limbo Limnor LINC Lingo LINQ LIS LISA Language H Lisp – ISO/IEC 13816 Lite-C Lithe Little b LLL Logo Logtalk LotusScript LPC LSE LSL LiveCode LiveScript Lua Lucid Lustre LYaPAS Lynx P P P4 P′′ ParaSail (programming language) PARI/GP Pascal – ISO 7185 Pascal Script PCASTL PCF PEARL PeopleCode Perl PDL Pharo PHP Pico Picolisp Pict Pig (programming tool) Pike PILOT Pipelines Pizza PL-11 PL/0 PL/B PL/C PL/I – ISO 6160 PL/M PL/P PL/SQL PL360 PLANC Plankalkül Planner PLEX PLEXIL Plus POP-11 POP-2 PostScript PortablE POV-Ray SDL Powerhouse PowerBuilder – 4GL GUI application generator from Sybase PowerShell PPL Processing Processing.js Prograph PROIV Prolog PROMAL Promela PROSE modeling language PROTEL ProvideX Pro*C Pure Pure Data PureScript Python T T TACL TACPOL TADS TAL Tcl Tea TECO TELCOMP Tensorflow TeX TEX TIE TMG, compiler-compiler Tom TOM Toi Topspeed TPU Trac TTM T-SQL Transcript TTCN Turing TUTOR TXL TypeScript Tynker U Ubercode UCSD Pascal Umple Unicon Uniface UNITY Unix shell UnrealScript V Vala Verilog VHDL Vim script Viper Visual Basic Visual Basic .NET Visual DataFlex Visual DialogScript Visual Fortran Visual FoxPro Visual J++ Visual LISP Visual Objects Visual Prolog VSXu X X++ X10 XAML xBase xBase++ XBL XC (targets XMOS architecture) xHarbour XL Xojo XOTcl XOD (programming language) XPL XPL0 XQuery XSB XSharp XSLT Xtend

C C C– (C minus minus) C++ (C plus plus) – ISO/IEC 14882 C* C# (C sharp) – ISO/IEC 23270 C/AL Caché ObjectScript C Shell (csh) Caml Cayenne CDuce Cecil Cesil Céu Ceylon CFEngine Cg Ch Chicken Chapel Charm CHILL CHIP-8 chomski ChucK Cilk Citrine CL (IBM) Claire Clarion Clean Clipper CLIPS CLIST Clojure CLU CMS-2 COBOL – ISO/IEC 1989 CobolScript – COBOL Scripting language Cobra CoffeeScript ColdFusion COMAL Combined Programming Language (CPL) COMIT Common Intermediate Language (CIL) Common Lisp (also known as CL) COMPASS Component Pascal Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) COMTRAN Cool Coq Coral 66 CorVision COWSEL CPL Cryptol Crystal Csound CSS Cuneiform Curl Curry Cybil Cyclone Cypher Query Language Cython CEEMAC CEEMAC G Game Maker Language(Scripting language) GameMonkey Script GAMS GAP G-code GDScript Genie GDL GEORGE GLSL GNU E GNU Guile Go Go! GOAL Gödel Golo GOM (Good Old Mad) Google Apps Script Gosu GOTRAN GPSS GraphTalk GRASS Grasshopper Groovy O o:XML Oak Oberon OBJ2 Object Lisp ObjectLOGO Object REXX Object Pascal Objective-C Objective-J Obliq OCaml occam occam-π Octave OmniMark Opa Opal OpenCL OpenEdge ABL OPL OpenVera OPS5 OptimJ Orc ORCA/Modula-2 Oriel Orwell Oxygene Oz M M2001 M4 M# Machine code MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) MAD/I Magik Magma Máni Maple MAPPER (now part of BIS) MARK-IV (now VISION:BUILDER) Mary MATLAB MASM Microsoft Assembly x86 MATH-MATIC Maude system Maxima (see also Macsyma) Max (Max Msp – Graphical Programming Environment) MaxScript internal language 3D Studio Max Maya (MEL) MDL Mercury Mesa Metafont MHEG-5 (Interactive TV programming language) Microcode MicroScript MIIS Milk (programming language) MIMIC Mirah Miranda MIVA Script ML Model 204 Modelica Modula Modula-2 Modula-3 Mohol MOO Mortran Mouse MPD Mathcad MSL MUMPS MuPAD Mutan Mystic Programming Language (MPL) Q Q (programming language from Kx Systems) Q# (Microsoft programming language) Qalb Quantum Computation Language QtScript QuakeC QPL Qbasic .QL R R R++ Racket Raku RAPID Rapira Ratfiv Ratfor rc Reason REBOL Red Redcode REFAL REXX Rittle Rlab ROOP RPG RPL RSL RTL/2 Ruby Rust W WATFIV, WATFOR WebAssembly WebDNA Whiley Winbatch Wolfram Language Wyvern Y YAML Yorick YQL Yoix YUI

D D DAML Dart Darwin DataFlex Datalog DATATRIEVE dBase dc DCL DinkC DIBOL Dog Draco DRAKON Dylan DYNAMO DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) E E Ease Easy PL/I EASYTRIEVE PLUS eC ECMAScript Edinburgh IMP EGL Eiffel ELAN Elixir Elm Emacs Lisp Emerald Epigram EPL (Easy Programming Language) EPL (Eltron Programming Language) Erlang es Escher ESPOL Esterel Etoys Euclid Euler Euphoria EusLisp Robot Programming Language CMS EXEC (EXEC) EXEC 2 Executable UML Ezhil F F F# F* Factor Fantom FAUST FFP fish Fjölnir FL Flavors Flex FlooP FLOW-MATIC FOCAL FOCUS FOIL FORMAC @Formula Forth Fortran – ISO/IEC 1539 Fortress FP Franz Lisp Futhark F-Script H Hack HAGGIS HAL/S Halide (programming language) Hamilton C shell Harbour Hartmann pipelines Haskell Haxe Hermes High Level Assembly HLSL Hollywood HolyC Hop Hopscotch Hope Hugo Hume HyperTalk I Io Icon IBM Basic assembly language IBM HAScript IBM Informix-4GL IBM RPG IDL Idris Inform J J J# J++ JADE JAL Janus (concurrent constraint programming language) Janus (time-reversible computing programming language) JASS Java JavaFX Script JavaScript(Scripting language) Jess (programming language) JCL JEAN Join Java JOSS Joule JOVIAL Joy JQuery JScript JScript .NET Julia Jython N NASM Napier88 Neko Nemerle NESL Net.Data NetLogo NetRexx NewLISP NEWP Newspeak NewtonScript Nial Nice Nickle (NITIN) Nim NPL Not eXactly C (NXC) Not Quite C (NQC) NSIS Nu NWScript NXT-G S S S2 S3 S-Lang S-PLUS SA-C SabreTalk SAIL SAM76 SAS SASL Sather Sawzall Scala Scheme Scilab Scratch Script.NET Sed Seed7 Self SenseTalk SequenceL Serpent SETL SIMPOL SIGNAL SiMPLE SIMSCRIPT Simula Simulink Singularity SISAL SLIP SMALL Smalltalk SML Strongtalk Snap! SNOBOL (SPITBOL) Snowball SOL Solidity SOPHAEROS Source SPARK Speakeasy Speedcode SPIN SP/k SPS SQL SQR Squeak Squirrel SR S/SL Starlogo Strand Stata Stateflow Subtext SBL SuperCollider SuperTalk Swift (Apple programming language) Swift (parallel scripting language) SYMPL SystemVerilog Z Z notation Zebra, ZPL, ZPL2 Zeno ZetaLisp ZOPL Zsh ZPL Z++