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Python Anonymous Function

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In this article, you’ll learn about the anonymous function, also known as lambda functions. You’ll learn what they are, their syntax and how to use them (with examples).

What are lambda functions in Python?

In Python, an anonymous function is a function that is defined without a name.

While normal functions are defined using the def keyword in Python, anonymous functions are defined using the lambda keyword.

Hence, anonymous functions are also called lambda functions.

How to use lambda Functions in Python?

A lambda function in python has the following syntax.

Syntax of Lambda Function in python

lambda arguments: expression

Lambda functions can have any number of arguments but only one expression. The expression is evaluated and returned. Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required.

Example of Lambda Function in python

Here is an example of lambda function that doubles the input value.

# Program to show the use of lambda functions
double = lambda x: x * 2

print(double(5))

Output

In the above program, lambda x: x * 2 is the lambda function. Here x is the argument and x * 2 is the expression that gets evaluated and returned.

This function has no name. It returns a function object which is assigned to the identifier double. We can now call it as a normal function. The statement

double = lambda x: x * 2

is nearly the same as:

def double(x):
   return x * 2

Use of Lambda Function in python

We use lambda functions when we require a nameless function for a short period of time.

In Python, we generally use it as an argument to a higher-order function (a function that takes in other functions as arguments). Lambda functions are used along with built-in functions like filter(), map() etc.

Example use with filter()

The filter() function in Python takes in a function and a list as arguments.

The function is called with all the items in the list and a new list is returned which contains items for which the function evaluates to True.

Here is an example use of filter() function to filter out only even numbers from a list.

# Program to filter out only the even items from a list
my_list = [1, 5, 4, 6, 8, 11, 3, 12]

new_list = list(filter(lambda x: (x%2 == 0) , my_list))

print(new_list)

Output

[4, 6, 8, 12]

Example use with map()

The map() function in Python takes in a function and a list.

The function is called with all the items in the list and a new list is returned which contains items returned by that function for each item.

Here is an example use of map() function to double all the items in a list.

# Program to double each item in a list using map()

my_list = [1, 5, 4, 6, 8, 11, 3, 12]

new_list = list(map(lambda x: x * 2 , my_list))

print(new_list)

Output

[2, 10, 8, 12, 16, 22, 6, 24]

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Uncategorized

Python Functions

Introduction

Python Flow Control

Python Functions

Python Datatypes

Python Files

Python Object & Class

Python Advanced Topics

Python Date & Time

In this article, you’ll learn about functions, what a function is, the syntax, components, and types of functions. Also, you’ll learn to create a function in Python.

What is a function in Python?

In Python, a function is a group of related statements that performs a specific task.

Functions help break our program into smaller and modular chunks. As our program grows larger and larger, functions make it more organized and manageable.

Furthermore, it avoids repetition and makes the code reusable.

Syntax of Function

def function_name(parameters):
	"""docstring"""
	statement(s)

Above shown is a function definition that consists of the following components.

Keyword def that marks the start of the function header.
A function name to uniquely identify the function. Function naming follows the same rules of writing identifiers in Python.
Parameters (arguments) through which we pass values to a function. They are optional.
A colon (:) to mark the end of the function header.
Optional documentation string (docstring) to describe what the function does.
One or more valid python statements that make up the function body. Statements must have the same indentation level (usually 4 spaces).
An optional return statement to return a value from the function.

Example of a function

def greet(name):
    """
    This function greets to
    the person passed in as
    a parameter
    """
    print("Hello, " + name + ". Good morning!")

How to call a function in python?

Once we have defined a function, we can call it from another function, program or even the Python prompt. To call a function we simply type the function name with appropriate parameters.

>>> greet('Paul')
Hello, Paul. Good morning!

Note: Try running the above code in the Python program with the function definition to see the output.

def greet(name):
    """
    This function greets to
    the person passed in as
    a parameter
    """
    print("Hello, " + name + ". Good morning!")

greet('Paul')

Docstrings

The first string after the function header is called the docstring and is short for documentation string. It is briefly used to explain what a function does.

Although optional, documentation is a good programming practice. Unless you can remember what you had for dinner last week, always document your code.

In the above example, we have a docstring immediately below the function header. We generally use triple quotes so that docstring can extend up to multiple lines. This string is available to us as the __doc__ attribute of the function.

For example:

Try running the following into the Python shell to see the output.

>>> print(greet.__doc__)

    This function greets to
    the person passed in as
    a parameter

The return statement

The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from where it was called.

Syntax of return

return [expression_list]

This statement can contain an expression that gets evaluated and the value is returned. If there is no expression in the statement or the return statement itself is not present inside a function, then the function will return the None object.

For example:

>>> print(greet("May"))
Hello, May. Good morning!
None

Here, None is the returned value since greet() directly prints the name and no return statement is used.

Example of return

def absolute_value(num):
    """This function returns the absolute
    value of the entered number"""

    if num >= 0:
        return num
    else:
        return -num


print(absolute_value(2))

print(absolute_value(-4))

Output

2
4

How Function works in Python?

Scope and Lifetime of variables

Scope of a variable is the portion of a program where the variable is recognized. Parameters and variables defined inside a function are not visible from outside the function. Hence, they have a local scope.

The lifetime of a variable is the period throughout which the variable exits in the memory. The lifetime of variables inside a function is as long as the function executes.

They are destroyed once we return from the function. Hence, a function does not remember the value of a variable from its previous calls.

Here is an example to illustrate the scope of a variable inside a function.

def my_func():
	x = 10
	print("Value inside function:",x)

x = 20
my_func()
print("Value outside function:",x)

Output

Value inside function: 10
Value outside function: 20

Here, we can see that the value of x is 20 initially. Even though the function my_func() changed the value of x to 10, it did not affect the value outside the function.

This is because the variable x inside the function is different (local to the function) from the one outside. Although they have the same names, they are two different variables with different scopes.

On the other hand, variables outside of the function are visible from inside. They have a global scope.

We can read these values from inside the function but cannot change (write) them. In order to modify the value of variables outside the function, they must be declared as global variables using the keyword global.

Types of Functions

Basically, we can divide functions into the following two types:

Built-in functions – Functions that are built into Python.
User-defined functions – Functions defined by the users themselves.

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C Standard library function

In this tutorial, you’ll learn about the standard library functions in C. More specifically, what are they, different library functions in C and how to use them in your program.

C Standard library functions or simply C Library functions are inbuilt functions in C programming.

The prototype and data definitions of these functions are present in their respective header files. To use these functions we need to include the header file in our program. For example,

If you want to use the printf() function, the header file <stdio.h> should be included.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
   printf("Catch me if you can."); 
}

If you try to use printf() without including the stdio.h header file, you will get an error.

Advantages of Using C library functions

1. They work

One of the most important reasons you should use library functions is simply because they work. These functions have gone through multiple rigorous testing and are easy to use.

2. The functions are optimized for performance

Since, the functions are “standard library” functions, a dedicated group of developers constantly make them better. In the process, they are able to create the most efficient code optimized for maximum performance.

3. It saves considerable development time

Since the general functions like printing to a screen, calculating the square root, and many more are already written. You shouldn’t worry about creating them once again.

4. The functions are portable

With ever-changing real-world needs, your application is expected to work every time, everywhere. And, these library functions help you in that they do the same thing on every computer.

Example: Square root using sqrt() function

Suppose, you want to find the square root of a number.

To can compute the square root of a number, you can use the sqrt() library function. The function is defined in the math.h header file.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
   float num, root;
   printf("Enter a number: ");
   scanf("%f", &num);

   // Computes the square root of num and stores in root.
   root = sqrt(num);

   printf("Square root of %.2f = %.2f", num, root);
   return 0;
}

When you run the program, the output will be:

Enter a number: 12
Square root of 12.00 = 3.46

Library Functions in Different Header Files

C Header Files
<assert.h>	Program assertion functions
<ctype.h>	Character type functions
<locale.h>	Localization functions
<math.h>	Mathematics functions
<setjmp.h>	Jump functions
<signal.h>	Signal handling functions
<stdarg.h>	Variable arguments handling functions
<stdio.h>	Standard Input/Output functions
<stdlib.h>	Standard Utility functions
<string.h>	String handling functions
<time.h>	Date time functions

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C Pointers and Function

In this tutorial, you’ll learn to pass addresses as arguments to the functions with the help of examples. This technique is known as call by reference.

In C programming, it is also possible to pass addresses as arguments to functions.

To accept these addresses in the function definition, we can use pointers. It’s because pointers are used to store addresses. Let’s take an example:

Example: Call by reference

#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *n1, int *n2);

int main()
{
    int num1 = 5, num2 = 10;

    // address of num1 and num2 is passed
    swap( &num1, &num2);

    printf("num1 = %d\n", num1);
    printf("num2 = %d", num2);
    return 0;
}

void swap(int* n1, int* n2)
{
    int temp;
    temp = *n1;
    *n1 = *n2;
    *n2 = temp;
}

When you run the program, the output will be:

num1 = 10
num2 = 5

The address of num1 and num2 are passed to the swap() function using swap(&num1, &num2);.

Pointers n1 and n2 accept these arguments in the function definition.

void swap(int* n1, int* n2) {
    ... ..
}

When *n1 and *n2 are changed inside the swap() function, num1 and num2 inside the main() function are also changed.

Inside the swap() function, *n1 and *n2 swapped. Hence, num1 and num2 are also swapped.

Notice that, swap() is not returning anything; its return type is void.

This technique is known as call by reference in C programming.

Example 2: Passing Pointers to Functions

#include <stdio.h>

void addOne(int* ptr) {
  (*ptr)++; // adding 1 to *ptr
}

int main()
{
  int* p, i = 10;
  p = &i;
  addOne(p);

  printf("%d", *p); // 11
  return 0;
}

Here, the value stored at p, *p, is 10 initially.

We then passed the pointer p to the addOne() function. The ptr pointer gets this address in the addOne() function.

Inside the function, we increased the value stored at ptr by 1 using (*ptr)++;. Since ptr and p pointers both have the same address, *p inside main() is also 11.

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c, C sharp

C Storage class

In this tutorial, you will learn about scope and lifetime of local and global variables. Also, you will learn about static and register variables.

Every variable in C programming has two properties: type and storage class.

Type refers to the data type of a variable. And, storage class determines the scope, visibility and lifetime of a variable.

There are 4 types of storage class:

automatic
external
static
register

Local Variable

The variables declared inside a block are automatic or local variables. The local variables exist only inside the block in which it is declared.

Let’s take an example.

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
  
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
     printf("C programming");
  }
  
 // Error: i is not declared at this point
  printf("%d", i);  
  return 0;
}

When you run the above program, you will get an error undeclared identifier i. It’s because i is declared inside the for loop block. Outside of the block, it’s undeclared.

Let’s take another example.

int main() {
    int n1; // n1 is a local variable to main()
}

void func() {
   int n2;  // n2 is a local variable to func()
}

In the above example, n1 is local to main() and n2 is local to func().

This means you cannot access the n1 variable inside func() as it only exists inside main(). Similarly, you cannot access the n2 variable inside main() as it only exists inside func().

Global Variable

Variables that are declared outside of all functions are known as external or global variables. They are accessible from any function inside the program.

Example 1: Global Variable

#include <stdio.h>
void display();

int n = 5;  // global variable

int main()
{
    ++n;     
    display();
    return 0;
}

void display()
{
    ++n;   
    printf("n = %d", n);
}

Output

n = 7

Suppose, a global variable is declared in file1. If you try to use that variable in a different file file2, the compiler will complain. To solve this problem, keyword extern is used in file2 to indicate that the external variable is declared in another file.

Register Variable

The register keyword is used to declare register variables. Register variables were supposed to be faster than local variables.

However, modern compilers are very good at code optimization, and there is a rare chance that using register variables will make your program faster.

Unless you are working on embedded systems where you know how to optimize code for the given application, there is no use of register variables.

Static Variable

A static variable is declared by using the static keyword. For example;

static int i;

The value of a static variable persists until the end of the program.

Example 2: Static Variable

#include <stdio.h>
void display();

int main()
{
    display();
    display();
}
void display()
{
    static int c = 1;
    c += 5;
    printf("%d  ",c);
}

Output

6 11

During the first function call, the value of c is initialized to 1. Its value is increased by 5. Now, the value of c is 6, which is printed on the screen.

During the second function call, c is not initialized to 1 again. It’s because c is a static variable. The value c is increased by 5. Now, its value will be 11, which is printed on the screen.

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C Types of user-defined functions

In this tutorial, you will learn about different approaches you can take to solve the same problem using functions.

These 4 programs below check whether the integer entered by the user is a prime number or not.

The output of all these programs below is the same, and we have created a user-defined function in each example. However, the approach we have taken in each example is different.

Example 1: No arguments passed and no return value

#include <stdio.h>

void checkPrimeNumber();

int main()
{
    checkPrimeNumber();    // argument is not passed
    return 0;
}

// return type is void meaning doesn't return any value
void checkPrimeNumber()
{
    int n, i, flag = 0;

    printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
    scanf("%d",&n);

    for(i=2; i <= n/2; ++i)
    {
        if(n%i == 0)
        {
            flag = 1;
        }
    }
    if (flag == 1)
        printf("%d is not a prime number.", n);
    else
        printf("%d is a prime number.", n);
}

The checkPrimeNumber() function takes input from the user, checks whether it is a prime number or not and displays it on the screen.

The empty parentheses in checkPrimeNumber(); statement inside the main() function indicates that no argument is passed to the function.

The return type of the function is void. Hence, no value is returned from the function.

Example 2: No arguments passed but a return value

#include <stdio.h>
int getInteger();

int main()
{
    int n, i, flag = 0;

   // no argument is passed
    n = getInteger();    

    for(i=2; i<=n/2; ++i)
    {
        if(n%i==0){
            flag = 1;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (flag == 1)
        printf("%d is not a prime number.", n);
    else
        printf("%d is a prime number.", n);

    return 0;
}

// returns integer entered by the user
int getInteger()       
{
    int n;

    printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
    scanf("%d",&n);

    return n;
}

The empty parentheses in the n = getInteger(); statement indicates that no argument is passed to the function. And, the value returned from the function is assigned to n.null

Here, the getInteger() function takes input from the user and returns it. The code to check whether a number is prime or not is inside the main() function.

Example 3: Argument passed but no return value

#include <stdio.h>
void checkPrimeAndDisplay(int n);

int main()
{
    int n;

    printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
    scanf("%d",&n);

    // n is passed to the function
    checkPrimeAndDisplay(n);

    return 0;
}

// return type is void meaning doesn't return any value
void checkPrimeAndDisplay(int n) 
{
    int i, flag = 0;

    for(i=2; i <= n/2; ++i)
    {
        if(n%i == 0){
            flag = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    if(flag == 1)
        printf("%d is not a prime number.",n);
    else
        printf("%d is a prime number.", n);
}

The integer value entered by the user is passed to the checkPrimeAndDisplay() function.

Here, the checkPrimeAndDisplay() function checks whether the argument passed is a prime number or not and displays the appropriate message.

Example 4: Argument passed and a return value

#include <stdio.h>
int checkPrimeNumber(int n);

int main()
{
    int n, flag;

    printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
    scanf("%d",&n);

    // n is passed to the checkPrimeNumber() function
    // the returned value is assigned to the flag variable
    flag = checkPrimeNumber(n);

    if(flag == 1)
        printf("%d is not a prime number",n);
    else
        printf("%d is a prime number",n);

    return 0;
}

// int is returned from the function
int checkPrimeNumber(int n)
{
    int i;

    for(i=2; i <= n/2; ++i)
    {
        if(n%i == 0)
            return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

The input from the user is passed to the checkPrimeNumber() function.

The checkPrimeNumber() function checks whether the passed argument is prime or not.

If the passed argument is a prime number, the function returns 0. If the passed argument is a non-prime number, the function returns 1. The return value is assigned to the flag variable.

Depending on whether flag is 0 or 1, an appropriate message is printed from the main() function.

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Introduction

Python Flow Control

Python Functions

Python Datatypes

Python Files

Python Object & Class

Python Advanced Topics

Python Date & Time

What are lambda functions in Python?

How to use lambda Functions in Python?

Syntax of Lambda Function in python

Example of Lambda Function in python

Use of Lambda Function in python

Example use with filter()

Example use with map()

Introduction

Python Flow Control

Python Functions

Python Datatypes

Python Files

Python Object & Class

Python Advanced Topics

Python Date & Time

What is a function in Python?

Syntax of Function

Example of a function

How to call a function in python?

Docstrings

The return statement

Syntax of return

Example of return

How Function works in Python?

Scope and Lifetime of variables

Types of Functions

C-Tutorial

Advantages of Using C library functions

Example: Square root using sqrt() function

Library Functions in Different Header Files

C-Tutorial

Example: Call by reference

Example 2: Passing Pointers to Functions

C-Tutorial

Local Variable

Global Variable

Example 1: Global Variable

Register Variable

Static Variable

Example 2: Static Variable

Example 1: No arguments passed and no return value

Example 2: No arguments passed but a return value

Example 3: Argument passed but no return value

Example 4: Argument passed and a return value